1. Mode of action

Thiram is a fungicide with a preventive activity and a broad spectrum of action, well-tolerated by crops and seeds. It is largely used in fruit cultures against foliar, fruit and storage diseases and in vegetables. Thiram is also widely used as a seed dressing on a wide range of crops where it provides good control of damping-off, seed and bulb decay, seed rot, seedling blights, and many other soil and seed-borne diseases. It exhibits a useful repellent action against birds, rodents and game. Furthermore, thiram is rapidly degraded in soils and does not reach groundwater.

Thiram inhibits spore germination and growth of the mycellium by interfering with various enzymes involved in the respiration process. This property of acting on many sites of the biochemical process ensures that the product is free from resistance problems and effective against many fungi. The product is particularly effective against Botrytis, scab, Monilia, Anthracnosis and Fusarium which develop on many crops.

A special formulation Defiant® was developed for use as turf fungicide and animal repellent.

2. Target crops

Thiram is mainly used on:

• apples and pears
• strawberries
• grapes
• leafy and fruiting vegetables.

As a seed dressing, thiram protects the seed and the germinating seed against fungi and repels the grain-eating animals. It is a universal and non-phytotoxic compound for use on:

• cereals
• maize
• beet
• and vegetables.

Efficacy trials carried out continuously worldwide demonstrate the many benefits of using thiram in disease control programmes.

3. Application

Thiram used alone provides effective and economical protection against a wide range of fungi, but it is also liable to develop synergetic effects with new selective compounds. The appearance of Botrytis strains resistant to dicarboximides (in strawberries and grapes), and the reported occurrence of Venturia strains less sensitive to demethylation inhibitors (in apples and pears) have renewed interest in using thiram in combination with these compounds. When used in combination, thiram reduces the risk of decreased sensitivity to the fungicide with which it is combined; it allows an increase in preventive action and broadens the spectrum of efficacy.

Thiram is neutral to most beneficial insects and slightly toxic to Typhlodromus and can therefore be recommended for use in Integrated Pest Management programmes.

4. Available formulations

Thiram Phyto (98%)	Technical product for formulation purposes
Thiram 80% WP	Wettable powder
Thiram 80% WG Thiram 75% WG Thiram 50% WG Defiant	Water-dispersible granules
Thiram + X (WG)	Combination of thiram with other active ingredients (e.g. dicarboximides or triazoles) formulated as water-dispersible granules

This chemical may not be registered for use or application in your particular area. Great care should be taken to carefully review the registration status of this chemical prior to use. Always check the locally approved label for the application rates to ensure that you are using the correct dosage for your particular area. The chemical label may contain additional warnings and application information which should be strictly adhered to when using this chemical.

Defiant® Turf Fungicide & Animal Repellent (for USA only)

1. Mode of Action

Defiant is a broad-spectrum fungicide for use of Turf (parks, golf courses, rights-of-way, commercial landscapes, etc.) to control Dollar Spot, Brown Patch and Fusarium Patch.

Defiant, when used according to label directions, can also protect trees, vines, nursery stock, shrubs and ornamentals from rabbit, deer, and rodent depredation. One application will protect treated parts from 1 to 3 months, depending upon weather conditions. Defiant can also be used as a repellent in deterring deer from moving into important areas such as airport runways as a result of local feeding and browsing. It can also deter migratory birds such as geese on golf courses and other turf areas. The addition of a latex based sticker prolongs the residual effectiveness of the treatment. Repellency is the result of rendering the treated plant parts distasteful.

2. Target crops

Defiant is mainly used on turf in:

• Golf courses
• Parks
• Sports turf
• Right-of-ways

As a repellent, Defiant is used on:

• Trees
• Vines
• Nursery stock
• Shrubs

Other ornamentals

3. Application

Defiant used alone provides effective and economical protection against Dollar Spot, Brown Patch and Fusarium Patch. When used in combination, Defiant reduces the risk of decreased sensitivity to the fungicide with which it is combined; it allows an increase in preventative action and broadens the spectrum of efficacy. Defiant is neutral to most beneficial insects and can therefore be recommended for use in Integrated Pest Management programs.

4. Available formulation

Water Dispersible Granules